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A signal strength and readability report is a standardized format for reporting the strength of the radio signal and the readability (quality) of the radiotelephone (voice) or radiotelegraph (Morse code) signal transmitted by another station as received at the reporting station's location and by their radio station equipment. These report formats are usually designed for only one communications mode or the other, although a few are used for both telegraph and voice communications. All but one of these signal report formats involve the transmission of numbers.

History[edit]

As the earliest radio communication used Morse code, all radio signal reporting formats until about the 1920s were for radiotelegraph, and the early voice radio signal report formats were based on the telegraph report formats.^{[citation needed]}

Timeline of signal report formats[edit]

• The first signal report format code may have been QJS.^{[citation needed]}
• The U.S. Navy used R and K signals starting in 1929.^{[citation needed]}
• The QSK code was one of the twelve Q Codes listed in the 1912 International Radiotelegraph Convention Regulations, but may have been in use earlier.^{[citation needed]}
• The QSA code was included in the Madrid Convention (Appendix 10, General Regulations) sometime prior to 1936.^{[citation needed]}
• The Amateur radio R-S-T system signal report format currently in use was first developed in 1934.^{[citation needed]}
• As early as 1943, the U.S and UK military published the first guidance that included the modern 'Weak but readable', 'Strong but distorted', and 'Loud and clear' phrases.^{[citation needed]}
• By 1951, the CCEB had published ACP 125(A) (a.k.a. SGM-1O82-51), which formalized the 1943 'Loud and clear' format.^{[citation needed]}

Radiotelegraph report formats[edit]

Q-Code signal report formats[edit]

The QSA code and QRK code are interrelated and complementary signal reporting codes for use in wireless telegraphy (Morse code). They replaced the earlier QSJ code.

Currently, the QSA and QRK codes are officially defined in the ITU Radio Regulations 1990, Appendix 13: Miscellaneous Abbreviations and Signals to Be Used in Radiotelegraphy Communications Except in the Maritime Mobile Service. They are also described identically in ACP131(F),:^[1]

R-S-T system[edit]

Amateur radio users in the U.S. and Canada have used the R-S-T system since 1934. This system was developed by amateur radio operator Arthur W. Braaten, W2BSR.^[2][3][4][5] It reports the readability on a scale of 1 to 5, the signal strength on a scale of 1 to 9, and the tone of the Morse code continuous wave signal on a scale of 1 to 9.^[6][7] During amateur radio contests, where the rate of new contacts is paramount, contest participants often give a perfect signal report of 599 even when the signal is lower quality, because always providing the same signal format enables them to send Morse code with less thought and thus increased speed.^{[citation needed]}

SINPO code[edit]

SINPO is an acronym for Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, and Overall, which was developed by the CCIR in 1951 (as C.C.I.R. Recommendation No. 251) for use in radiotelegraphy, and the standard is contained in Recommendation ITU-R Sm.1135, SINPO and SINPFEMO codes.^[8] This format is most notably used by the BBC for receiving signal reports on postcards mailed from listeners, even though that same standard specifies that the SINPFEMO code should be used for radiotelephony transmissions. SINPO is the official radiotelegraph signal reporting codes for international civil aviation ^[9] and ITU-R.^[10]

Radiotelephony report formats[edit]

R-S-T system[edit]

Amateur radio operators use the R-S-T system to describe voice transmissions, dropping the last digit (Tone report) because there is no continuous wave tone to report on.

SINPEMFO code[edit]

An extension of SINPO code, for use in radiotelephony (voice over radio) communications, SINPFEMO is an acronym for Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, Frequency of Fading, Depth, Modulation, and Overall.

Plain-language radio checks[edit]

The move to plain-language radio communications means that number-based formats are now considered obsolete, and are replaced by plain language radio checks. These avoid the ambiguity of which number stands for which type of report and whether a 1 is considered good or bad. This format originated with the U.S. military in World War II, and is currently defined by ACP 125 (G).,^[11] published by the Combined Communications Electronics Board.^{[citation needed]}

The prowords listed below are for use when initiating and answering queries concerning signal strength and readability.^{[citation needed]}

Use in analog vs. digital radio transmission modes[edit]

In analog radio systems, as receiving stations move away from a radio transmitting site, the signal strength decreases gradually, causing the relative noise level to increase. The signal becomes increasingly difficult to understand until it can no longer be heard as anything other than static.^[12]: 38

These reporting systems are usable for, but perhaps not completely appropriate for, rating digital signal quality.^{[citation needed]} This is because digital signals have fairly consistent quality as the receiver moves away from the transmitter until reaching a threshold distance. At this threshold point, sometimes called the 'digital cliff,'the signal quality takes a severe drop and is lost'.^[12]: 38 This difference in reception reduces attempts to ascertain subjective signal quality to simply asking, 'Can you hear me now?' or similar. The only possible response is 'yes'; otherwise, there is just dead air. This sudden signal drop was also one of the primary arguments of analog proponents against moving to digital systems. However, the 'five bars' displayed on many cell phones does directly correlate to the signal strength rating.^{[citation needed]}

Informal terminology and slang[edit]

The phrase 'five by five' can be used informally to mean 'good signal strength' or 'loud and clear'.^[13] An early example of this phrase was in 1946, recounting a wartime conversation.^[14] The phrase was used in 1954 in the novel The Blackboard Jungle.^[15] Another example usage of this phrase is from June 1965 by the crew of the Gemini IV spacecraft.^[16] This phrase apparently refers to the fact that the format consists of two digits, each ranging from one to five, with five/five being the best signal possible.

Some radio users have inappropriately started using the Circuit Merit telephone line quality measurement.^{[citation needed]} This format is unsuitable for radiotelegraph or radio-telephony use because it focuses on voice-to-noise ratios, for judging whether a particular telephone line is suitable for commercial (paying customer) use, and does not include separate reports for signal strength and voice quality.^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

• Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ)
• Perceptual Objective Listening Quality Analysis (POLQA)

References[edit]

1. ^'ACP 131(F) - Communications Instructions Operating Signals, April 2009'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on September 6, 2012.
2. ^'The Radio Amateur's Handbook'(PDF). p. 363. Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
3. ^'The RST Standard of Reporting'. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
4. ^Andrea, Steve. 'Can You Read Me Now?'(PDF). ARRL. Archived(PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
5. ^Arthur M. Braaten, W2BSR. 'A New Standard System of Reporting Signals'(PDF). ARRL. p. 18. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
6. ^'Quick Reference Operating Aids (The RST System)'. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
7. ^'Ham Radio 'RST' Signal Reporting System for CW/Phone Operation'. University of Buffalo. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
8. ^'ITU-R Sm.1135, SINPO and SINPFEMO codes'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
9. ^'Procedures for Air Navigation Services: ICAO Abbreviations and Codes'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
10. ^'ITU-R Sm.1135, SINPO and SINPFEMO codes'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
11. ^'ACP 125 (G): Communications Instructions: Radiotelephone Procedures'(PDF). 28 November 2016. Archived(PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
12. ^ ^abImel, Kathy J.; Hart, James W. (January 2003). 'Understanding Wireless Communications in Public Safety'(PDF). FCC.gov. The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center–Rocky Mountain. Archived(PDF) from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
13. ^The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2015), p 857. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
14. ^Burns, Milton. 'Horse of another Color', Leatherneck, January 1946, p. 31.
15. ^Evan Hunter, The Blackboard Jungle, Simon and Schuster 1954, ISBN9780837604046. 'The man thrust his long jaw closer to the head of the mike and then said, 'All right, testing, one-two-three-four, one-two-three-four.' A boy at the back of the auditorium shouted, 'Five by five, Mr. Halloran'.. '
16. ^Gemini IV PAO Mission Commentary Transcript,, tape 183, page 1. On page 434 of PDF transcript: https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/mission_trans/GT04_PAO.PDF

External links[edit]

• Ham Radio RST Signal Reporting System for CW Operation, by Charlie Bautsch, W5AM

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When compared to other Languages, on a fundamental level the Thai grammar is actually very simple. Each word normally stays the same; thus, there are no declinations, no conjugations, no plural forms, no genders and no articles. Whereas the English word to go might have different forms like goes, went, going etc., the equivalent Thai word pai always stays the same, regardless of the context.

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Thai Phonetic Tones

Word Order

Formal Tone - Krab and Ka

Thai Nouns

Thai Verbs

Verb Tenses in Thai

To learn the present tense we will use the basic form. To emphasize the present tense, the word กําลัง (gam-lang) is sometimes put in front of the verb.

Tphû yĭng gam-lang yuen yù
Past tense

má dâi krà-dòt pai láeo
There is also an alternative way to make past tense with ได้ (dâi).

Lingo 9 2 Online

phû chai dâi pai bin phu khăo
Since ได้ (dâi) means can, it implies that something has been achieved and thus happened in the past.

Future tense in Thai is indicated by จะ (chà - will) which is placed in front of the verb.

There is one interesting case in future tense, that we did not yet look into.

ทีม สีแดง กําลัง จะ ชนะ
The red team is going to win.

Isn't it strange that we use กําลัง (kam-lang) in this sentence?

Lingo 12/23/02

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